1. Post-vowel allomorphic form of -과 (-gwa). (indicates that the preceding noun is used as a standard or basis for comparison)

2. Post-vowel allomorphic form of -과 (-gwa). (marks that an action is performed in the company of or alongside someone or something)

3. Post-vowel allomorphic form of -과 (-gwa). (denotes an opponent or target with which one is in competition or conflict)

4. Post-vowel allomorphic form of -과 (-gwa). (connects two or more nouns on equal footing; in some cases, the postposition 와 may be omitted and replaced by a comma)