1. hardship, suffering, misery

2. chili pepper (Capsicum annuum)

3. rice stalks from which grains have been removed

4. dry or withered grass

5. ancient times; the beginning of the creation of heaven and earth (mythology)

6. synonym of 후추 (huchu, “hot pepper”) (Hamgyong dialect)

7. synonym of 고치 (gochi, “cocoon”) (Jeolla dialect)

8. bitter herbs or vegetables