1. indicates a question (at sentence end)

2. indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question (at the end of a subordinate clause)

3. or; whether or not; either ... or ... (as ...か...（か）)

4. some- (e.g. something, someone) (after an interrogative)

5. hmm; huh; I wonder (if, why, etc.); it might (be); maybe; perhaps it's (because of); could it be (that) (indicates uncertainty, conjecture, doubt, etc.)

6. shouldn't we ...?; why don't we ...?; what about ...?; how about ...?; let's ...; may I ...?; could you ...? (indicates invitation, suggestion, or polite request; after a negative or volitional)

7. some (amount); roughly; about; circa; more or less; or so (indicates a rough amount)

8. won't you ...?; why don't you ...?; couldn't you (e.g. have done differently)?; shouldn't you ...? (indicates indirect command or critique; usu. after a negative)

9. why should ...?; why would ...?; would I (really) ...?; who could have (guessed, foreseen, etc.) ...?; how could ...?; how should ...? (indicates irony or rhetorical question)

10. OK?; (you) understand?; got it?; really?; right?; didn't (I, you, etc.) ...? (used to confirm or emphasize information)

11. oh; wow; how (incredible, strongly, badly, etc.) (indicates surprise or strong emotion)

12. come to think of ...; ... you say?; ah; now that (you, it, etc.) ... (indicates (sudden) realization or recollection)

13. very (emphatic prefix; usu. before an adjective)

14. -al; -ial; -ic; -ical; -ish; -y (suffix forming adjectives or adverbs; after an uninflectable word)